Knowledge, Power and Grazing Management: New Challenges for Research and Extension Systems

Conventional linear models of research and extension, based on simplistic assumptions of diffusion, adoption and technology transfer, have been found wanting, particularly in complex and diverse agroecological settings, such as the grasslands of the world, where issues of sustainability and integrated resource management are central. This paper explores the relationships between different sources of knowledge on grazing management and power through a case study from the communal areas of Zimbabwe. The case study explores the assumptions embedded in the design of fenced, paddocked, rotational grazing schemes and the conflicts over knowledge emerging during their planning and implementation. Researchers’ and extensionists’ perspectives on carrying capacity, grazing rotation and ecological dynamics are contrasted with those expressed by local farmers. The paper concludes with a discussion of future challenges for research and extension systems, highlighting the importance of a participatory approach which recognises multiple sources of knowledge and technological innovation. This suggests new roles for extension, moving beyond a linear model of technology transfer towards a co-learning approach. This, in turn, will require new skills, new attitudes and behaviours, new methods and, above all, new organisational forms for research and extension.